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Some orthodox theologians, to survive the ordeal, had recanted, and later claimed the privilege of dissimulation, taqīyah, as a justification for their behaviour. After his release he did not resume his lectures until the inquisition was publicly proclaimed at an end. He was put in chains, beaten, and imprisoned for about two years. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content.Īt the risk of his life, Ibn Ḥanbal refused to subscribe to the Muʿtazilī doctrine. It lasted from 833 to 848, a period involving the reign of four caliphs, ending during the caliphate of al-Mutawakkil, who returned to the traditionalist view. The inquisition was conducted in Baghdad, seat of the ʿAbbāsid caliphate, as well as in the provinces. Heretofore, the sacred book had been regarded as the uncreated, eternal word of God. The Caliph had already made public profession of this belief in 827.
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The inquisition was inaugurated in 833, when the Caliph made obligatory upon all Muslims the belief that the Qurʾān was created, a doctrine of the Muʿtazilites, a rationalist Islāmic school that claimed that reason was equal to revelation as a means to religious truth. As it is, he remains to this day, in addition to his recognized stature as an expert on Traditions, one of the most venerated fathers of Islām, a staunch upholder of Muslim orthodoxy. But for this great trial, and the unflagging courage he displayed in the face of his persecutors, Ibn Ḥanbal would most likely have been remembered solely for his work on the Traditions. The central fact of Ibn Ḥanbal’s life is the suffering to which he was subjected during the inquisition, known as al- miḥnah, ordered by the caliph al- Maʾmūn. How much do you know about the Prophet Muhammad? How about holy cities? Test your knowledge of Islam with this quiz. He had eight children, of whom two were well known and closely associated with his intellectual work: Ṣālih (died 880) and ʿAbd Allāh (died 903). Ibn Ḥanbal led a life of asceticism and self-denial, winning many disciples. He made five pilgrimages to the holy city of Mecca, three times on foot. Seeking to learn from the great masters of his day, he travelled to the cities of Kūfah and Basra in Iraq Mecca, Hejaz, and Medina in Arabia and to the lands of Yemen and Syria. When Ibn Ḥanbal was 15 he began to study the Traditions ( Ḥadīth) of the Prophet Muḥammad. He was still an infant when his father died at 30. Of pure Arab stock, Ibn Ḥanbal belonged to the tribe of Shaybān through both parents. His doctrine influenced such noted followers as the 13th–14th-century theologian Ibn Taymīyah, the Wahhābīyah, an 18th-century reform movement, and the Salafīyah, a 19th-century Egyptian movement rooted in tradition. He was the compiler of the Traditions of the Prophet Muḥammad ( Musnad) and formulator of the Ḥanbalī, the most strictly traditionalist of the four orthodox Islāmic schools of law.
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